Secret Network
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  • 👋INTRODUCTION
    • Secret Network Introduction
    • Secret Network Techstack
      • Private transactions - A quick summary
      • Blockchain Technology
        • Cosmos Basics
        • Tendermint
        • Cosmos SDK
        • IBC
        • CosmWasm
      • Privacy Technology
        • Encryption - Key Management
          • Overview
          • Key Derivation & Encryption Techniques
          • The Initialization Of Secret Network
          • Full Node Boostrap
          • Contract State Encryption
          • Transaction Encryption
          • Consensus seed rotation
        • Trusted Execution Environments  (TEE) —  Intel SGX
          • How Secret Network Uses SGX
          • SGX-SPS Security & Reliabillity
          • Remote Attestation
          • Trusted & Untrusted Core
          • Sealing
        • Private smart contracts - overview
  • 💻Development
    • 🏠Getting Started
      • Setting Up Your Environment
        • Cargo.toml Best Practices (Crates vs Dependencies)
      • Compile and Deploy
      • Running the Application
      • Compile and Deploy on Secret testnet (best for Javascript devs)
      • Fullstack dApp Integration
    • 🤓Secret Contracts
      • Secret Contracts & CosmWasm
        • Framework overview
        • Secret Contract Components
          • Instantiation Message
          • Execution Message
          • Query Message
          • Deps/DepsMut
          • Storage
            • Prefixed Storage
            • Singleton
            • Keymap
            • Append Store
            • Best practices
        • CosmWasm vs Secret CosmWasm
      • Secret Tokens (SNIP-20)
      • Contract - module call
      • Secret contract - Design Space/Features
        • Secret Contracts introduction
        • Gas/Fee usage
        • TPS and scalability
        • Privacy Essentials
        • Access Control
          • Viewing Keys
          • Permits
        • Trusted and untrusted data
        • Secret-VRF - on-chain Randomness
        • Privacy design
          • Mitigate privacy risks - full guide
          • Gas Evaporation & Tracking
        • Confidential Computing Layer
        • Fiat/Crypto Onboarding
        • Account abstraction
        • Fee abstraction
        • Wallet support
        • Bridge (messaging/tokens)
        • IBC (Hooks, PFM, Wasm)
        • Price Oracles
        • Auto Restaking
      • Permissioned Viewing
        • Viewing Keys
        • Permits
      • Cross Contract Communication
      • Submessages
        • get_contract_code_hash
      • Randomness API - Secret VRF
        • Native On-chain randomness
        • Randomness over IBC
      • Execution Finalization
      • Factory Contracts
      • Contract Migration
        • Manual - < v1.11
        • Native - from v1.11
      • Cross-deploy Vanilla CW and Secret Contracts
      • Testing Secret Contracts
        • Unit Tests
        • Continuous Integration
        • Datatype Handling - Uint, floats etc.
    • 👀Secret Contract - Reference, Guides, Examples
      • Starter guide - Millionaire's Problem
      • Reference Contracts
      • Open source dApps
      • Tools & Libraries
        • Network interaction SDKs
          • Secret.js (JavaScript)
          • SecretPy (Python)
          • SecretK (Kotlin)
          • Secret.NET
            • Snippets
              • Deploying a Contract
              • Send Native Coin
              • Query a Contract
              • Create a new Wallet
              • Permits
              • SNIP20
              • SNIP721
          • Shade.Js
        • LocalSecret - Devnet docker
        • Smart contract - Tools/Utils
          • Secret Toolkit
          • CW-Plus
          • Fadroma - SC framework
          • Hidden Gems
          • Other
            • Secret IDE
            • Polar
    • 🖼️Frontend Development
      • Getting Started with SecretJS
        • Usage Examples
          • Sending Queries
          • Sending Messages
          • Contract Migration
          • Wallet Integrations
          • Query Permits
          • SNIP20 (SCRT Tokens)
          • SNIP721 (Secret NFTs)
      • Feegrant
        • Understanding Feegrant allowances
        • Grant allowances
        • Using grant allowances to execute transactions
        • Using the Fee Grant Faucet
    • 📬Deployment Addresses/ API Endpoints
      • Secret (SNIP 20) token contracts list
        • SNIP Asset naming guidelines
      • Connecting to the Network
        • API Endpoints Mainnet (Secret-4)
        • API Endpoints Testnet (Pulsar-3)
        • Usage examples
        • Comparison of endpoint types
      • Create your own SNIP-25 IBC Token
  • Secret AI
    • 🤝Introduction
    • 🏗️Architecture
    • 👩‍💻Secret AI SDK
      • Setting Up Your Environment
      • Running the Application
    • 🪙Economics
    • Smart Contract Reference
      • SubscriptionManager
      • WorkerManager
      • RewardsManager
  • 🌐SecretVM - Confidential Virtual Machines
    • 🤝Introduction
    • 🏗️Architecture
    • ☑️Attestation
      • What is Attestation
      • Obtaining Attestation Data
      • Attestation Report - Key Fields
      • Chain of Trust
    • 🏁Launching a SecretVM
    • 🛠️Managing SecretVM Lifecycle
    • ✅Verifying a SecretVM
      • 🐢Full Verification
      • 🐰Quick Verification
    • 👨‍💻SecretVM CLI
      • Getting started
      • Authentication Commands
      • Virtual Machine Commands
    • 💡Best Practices for Developers
    • 🔐Verifiable Message Signing
    • 📖Glossary
  • 🔓Confidential Computing Layer
    • 🧑‍🚀IBC Developer Toolkit
      • Basics
        • Overview
        • Cross-chain Messaging with IBC Hooks
          • Functions, Methods, and Data Structures
          • Typescript SDK
          • IBC-Hooks
        • IBC Relaying with Go Relayer
      • Usecases
        • Storing Encrypted Data on Secret Network
          • Key-Value store Developer Tutorial
        • Secret VRF for IBC with IBC-Hooks
        • Confidential Voting
        • Sealed Bid Auctions
      • Supported Networks
        • Mainnet
        • Testnet
    • 🤝Ethereum (EVM) Developer Toolkit
      • Basics
        • Overview
        • Connecting Metamask to Secret Network
        • SecretPath + Reown integration
        • Cross-chain Messaging
          • SecretPath
            • Architecture Overview
            • Detailed Architecture
            • SecretPath Developer Tutorials
            • Public EVM Gateway Architecture
            • How to deploy SecretPath on your chain
          • Axelar GMP
            • Architecture Overview
            • Axelar GMP Developer Tutorial
      • Usecases
        • Storing Encrypted Data on Secret Network
          • Key-Value store Developer Tutorial
        • Sealed Bid Auction
          • Sealed Bid Auction Developer Tutorial
        • Confidential Voting
          • Confidential Voting Developer Tutorial with SecretPath
        • VRF
          • Implementing VRF into any EVM Contract
          • VRF Developer Tutorial
          • Performance figures of SecretVRF vs competitors
          • Using encrypted payloads for VRF
          • Converting from Chainlink VRF to Secret VRF in four steps
        • Confidential Document Sharing
        • Tokens
          • From EVM to Secret
      • Supported Networks
        • EVM
          • EVM Mainnet
          • EVM Testnet
          • Gateway Contract ABI
        • Secret Gateway
          • SecretPath mainnet (secret-4) contracts
          • SecretPath testnet (pulsar-3) contracts
    • 🙌Solana Developer Toolkit
      • Usecases
        • Storing Encrypted Data on Secret Network
          • Key-value Store Developer Tutorial
        • VRF
          • VRF Developer Tutorial
      • Program IDs
        • Solana Mainnet & Testnet
        • Gateway Contract IDL
  • 🤫Overview, Ecosystem and Technology
    • 🚀Secret Network Overview
      • The SCRT coin
      • Private Tokens
      • Use Cases
        • Decentralized Finance (DeFi)
        • Art And Digital Media
        • Gaming
        • Data Privacy
        • Payments And Transactions
        • Communication
      • The technology
      • History
      • Roadmap (Core development)
        • Secret 2.0
      • Where To Buy SCRT?
      • Using the Testnet
    • 🐸Ecosystem Overview
      • Wallets
      • Applications
      • Explorers & tools
      • Funding
        • SCRT Labs Grants
        • Dilutive funding/VC raise
        • Community Pool
        • Developer bounties
          • SCRT Labs bounties [on-hold]
          • CCBL [on-hold]
          • CCR [On-hold]
        • Application specific
          • Shade Grants
      • Contributors & Entities
        • Validators
        • SCRT Labs
        • Secret Foundation
        • Secret Committees
          • Support
          • Governance
      • Secret Network Dictionary
  • 🔧Infrastructure
    • 🔓Use SecretCLI
      • Secretcli vs. Secretd
      • Install
      • Configuration
      • Address Types
      • Key Types
      • Generating Keys
      • Viewing Keys
      • Query Transactions
      • Send Tokens
      • Multisig Keys
      • Multisig Transactions
      • Transaction Broadcasting
      • Fees & Gas
      • Fee Distribution
      • Secret Contracts
      • Slashing
      • Minting
      • Delegating
      • Restake
      • Nodes
      • Governance
        • Creating Governance Proposals
        • Query Proposals
        • Deposits
        • Voting
    • 🔐Use Ledger hardware wallet
      • 🔐Ledger with SecretCLI
    • 🖥️Running a node/validator
      • Setting up a node/validator
        • Hardware setup
          • Hardware Compliance
          • VPS/Bare-Metal Compliance
            • Leaseweb Setup
            • PhoenixNAP Setup
            • Psychz Setup
            • nForce Setup
            • Vultr Setup
            • OVHCloud Setup
            • Microsoft Azure Setup
          • Patching your Node
          • Enclave verification
          • Registration troubleshooting
        • Testnet Setup
          • Install SGX
          • Install secretd
          • Setup Full Node
          • Testnet State Sync
          • Becoming a Testnet Validator
          • Installing CLI & Creating A New Address
        • Mainnet Setup
          • Install SGX
          • Install secretd
          • Setup Full Node
          • Quicksync / Snapshot
          • Statesync
          • Becoming A Validator
          • Installing CLI & Creating A New Address
      • Maintaining a node/validator
        • Slashing information
        • Migrating a Validator
        • Troubleshooting
        • Validator Backup
        • Server security
          • SSH authentication
          • Server configuration
          • Uncomplicated-Firewall (UFW)
          • Local CLI
        • Node Monitoring
          • Prometheus
            • Environment Preperation
            • Install Node Exporter
            • Install Prometheus
            • Configuring Prometheus
          • Grafana
            • Install Grafana
            • Grafana Dashboard
            • Next Steps
          • Docker
            • Install Docker
            • Configuration
            • Start Containers
            • Grafana Dashboard
            • Application Ports
            • Stop Containers
          • Goaccess
            • Install Goaccess
            • Setup Goaccess
        • Helpful commands
          • Query Validators
          • Bond Tokens
          • Withdraw Rewards
          • Query Delegations
          • Unbond Tokens
          • Query Unbonding-Delegations
          • Redelegate Tokens
          • Query Redelegations
          • Query Parameters
          • Query Pool
          • Query Delegations To Validator
      • API Noderunning
        • Running Multiple Nodes on the Same Server
        • Node Loadbalancing using Nginx
          • Setup Nginx
          • Example Nginx config
        • Using Auto heal to improve cluster uptime for Nginx
      • Sentry and Archive nodes
        • Mantlemint
        • Sentry Nodes
        • Archive Nodes
    • ⛓️IBC Relayers
      • Hermes
      • RLY
      • IBC channel database
    • 🆙Upgrade Instructions
      • v1.13
      • v1.12
      • v1.11
      • v1.10
      • v1.9
      • v1.8
      • v1.7
      • Shockwave Omega v1.6
      • v1.5
      • Shockwave Delta v1.4
      • Shockwave Delta v1.4 (Testnet)
      • Shockwave Alpha v1.3
      • Cosmovisor
      • Vulcan Network Upgrade (OLD)
    • ☠️Postmortems
      • SNIP-20 leaks
      • xApic
      • Secpk-Verifications Bloat
      • Earn Contract Exploit
      • Testnet Halt 95
    • ✍️Contribute to the documentation
      • Report Bugs
      • Suggest Enhancements
      • First Contribution Guide
      • Pull Request Templates
        • Update Documentation
        • Bug Fix
        • Improve Performance
        • Change Functionality
      • Style Guide
    • 🌊Versioning & Changelog
      • Secret Network v1.13
      • Secret Network v1.12
      • Secret Network v1.11
      • Secret Network v1.10
      • Secret network v1.9
      • Secret Network v1.7/1.8
      • Secret Network v1.6
      • Secret Network v1.5
      • Secret Network v1.4 (CosmWasm 1.0)
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On this page
  • Encryption at deployment of contract
  • 1. Create contract_key
  • 2. At execution share contract_key with enclave
  • 3. Callback function logic

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  1. INTRODUCTION
  2. Secret Network Techstack
  3. Privacy Technology
  4. Encryption - Key Management

Contract State Encryption

Encryption at deployment of contract

When a contract is executed on chain the state of the contracts needs to be encrypted so that observers can not see the computation that is initialized. The contract should be able to call certain functions inside the enclave and store the contract state on-chain.

A contract can call 3 different functions: write_db(field_name, value), read_db(field_name), and remove_db(field_name) . It is important that the field_name remains constant between contract calls.

We will go over the different steps associated with the encryption of the contract state.

1. Create contract_key

The contract_key is the encryption key for the contract state and is a combination of two values: signer_id || authenticated_contract_key. Every contract has its own unforgeable encryption key. The concatenation of the values is what makes every unique and this is important for several reasons

  1. Make sure the state of two contracts with the same code is different

  2. Make sure a malicious node runner won't be able to locally encrypt transactions with it's own encryption key, and then decrypt the resulting state with the fake key

so to reiterate, every contract on Secret Network has its own unique and unforgeable encryption key contract_key

This process of creating contract_key is started when the Secret contract is deployed on-chain. First authentication_key is generated using HDKF-SHA256 inside the enclave from the following values:

  • consensus_state_ikm

  • HDK-salt

  • signer_id

signer_id = sha256(concat(msg_sender, block_height));

authentication_key = hkdf({
 salt: hkdf_salt,
 info: "contract_key",
 ikm: concat(consensus_state_ikm, signer_id),
});

From the authentication_key create authenticated_contract_key by calling the hmac-SHA256 hash function with the contract code_hash as hashing data.

This step makes sure the key is unique for every contracts with different code.

authenticated_contract_key = hmac_sha256({
  key: authentication_key,
  data: code_hash,
});

Lastly concat the signer_id and authenticated_contract_key to create contract_key. This step makes it so the key is unforgeable as the key can only be recreated with the current signer_id

contract_key = concat(signer_id, authenticated_contract_key);

2. At execution share contract_key with enclave

Every time a contract execution is called, contract_key should be sent to the enclave. In the enclave, the following verification needs to happen to proof a genuine contract_key

signer_id = contract_key.slice(0, 32);
expected_contract_key = contract_key.slice(32, 64);

authentication_key = hkdf({
  salt: hkdf_salt,
  info: "contract_key",
  ikm: concat(consensus_state_ikm, signer_id),
});

calculated_contract_key = hmac_sha256({
  key: authentication_key,
  data: code_hash,
});

assert(calculated_contract_key == expected_contract_key);

3. Callback function logic

write_db(field_name, value)

encryption_key = hkdf({
  salt: hkdf_salt,
  ikm: concat(consensus_state_ikm, field_name, contract_key),
});

encrypted_field_name = aes_128_siv_encrypt({
  key: encryption_key,
  data: field_name,
});

current_state_ciphertext = internal_read_db(encrypted_field_name);

if (current_state_ciphertext == null) {
  // field_name doesn't yet initialized in state
  ad = sha256(encrypted_field_name);
} else {
  // read previous_ad, verify it, calculate new ad
  previous_ad = current_state_ciphertext.slice(0, 32); // first 32 bytes/256 bits
  current_state_ciphertext = current_state_ciphertext.slice(32); // skip first 32 bytes

  aes_128_siv_decrypt({
    key: encryption_key,
    data: current_state_ciphertext,
    ad: previous_ad,
  }); // just to authenticate previous_ad
  ad = sha256(previous_ad);
}

new_state_ciphertext = aes_128_siv_encrypt({
  key: encryption_key,
  data: value,
  ad: ad,
});

new_state = concat(ad, new_state_ciphertext);

internal_write_db(encrypted_field_name, new_state);

read_db(field_name)

encryption_key = hkdf({
  salt: hkdf_salt,
  ikm: concat(consensus_state_ikm, field_name, contract_key),
});

encrypted_field_name = aes_128_siv_encrypt({
  key: encryption_key,
  data: field_name,
});

current_state_ciphertext = internal_read_db(encrypted_field_name);

if (current_state_ciphertext == null) {
  // field_name doesn't yet initialized in state
  return null;
}

// read ad, verify it
ad = current_state_ciphertext.slice(0, 32); // first 32 bytes/256 bits
current_state_ciphertext = current_state_ciphertext.slice(32); // skip first 32 bytes
current_state_plaintext = aes_128_siv_decrypt({
  key: encryption_key,
  data: current_state_ciphertext,
  ad: ad,
});

return current_state_plaintext;

remove_db(field_name)

Very similar to read_db.

encryption_key = hkdf({
  salt: hkdf_salt,
  ikm: concat(consensus_state_ikm, field_name, contract_key),
});

encrypted_field_name = aes_128_siv_encrypt({
  key: encryption_key,
  data: field_name,
});

internal_remove_db(encrypted_field_name);
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Last updated 2 years ago

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